How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Apocrypha and Other Books?
(October 2006 version)
Note that Ecclesiasticus, Sirach and “wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach” are three names for the same book.
The red rows are persecutions of Christians during this time and green rows are heresies or major controversies. Here is the legend.
W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer G = Quoted as God said or God’s Word
B = Mentioned as scripture or by prophet(s). Q = Quote of 1 or more verses. ½ = quote of ½ a verse
A = Allusion. - = no reference blank = not researched yet
Writer |
Pages |
Date A.D. |
Tobit |
Ju-dith |
Wis-dom |
Ecclus |
Baruch |
Bel |
Susan |
3 Holy |
Manas |
3 Esdra |
Es- dra |
1 Mac |
2 Mac |
3 Mac |
4 Mac |
Add Esth |
Ps 151 |
Ps 152-3 |
Ps 154-5 |
1 En och |
Other books |
Writer |
Nero & Domitian persecute Christians |
|
50 and 95/96 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nero & Domitian persecute Christians |
Clement of Rome |
16 ¼ |
97/98 |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Clement of Rome |
Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version) |
13 |
c.100-117 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version) |
Trajan persecutes Christians |
|
107 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trajan persecutes Christians |
Didache (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) |
4 ¾ |
Before 125 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Didache (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) |
Apology of Aristides (Greek version) |
c.17 |
125 or138-161 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Apology of Aristides (Greek version) |
Quadratus of Athens fragment |
1/8 |
126 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Quadratus of Athens fragment |
Letter to Diognetus |
5 ¼ |
c.130 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Letter to Diognetus |
Hadrian persecutes Christians |
|
118 & 134 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Hadrian persecutes Christians |
Letter of Barnabas |
12 ½ |
100-150 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Letter of Barnabas |
Polycarp to the Philippians |
3 ½ |
100-155 |
½ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Polycarp to the Philippians |
Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John |
2 |
130-150 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John |
“Presbyters” (Papias?) |
½ |
-150 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
“Presbyters” (Papias?) |
Shepherd of Hermas |
46 ½ |
160 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Shepherd of Hermas |
Justin Martyr |
137 |
138-165 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
~ Sibyl |
Justin Martyr |
Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp |
5 |
c.169 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp |
Hegesippus |
2 ½ |
170 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hegesippus |
Dionysius of Corinth |
1/3 |
170 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Corinth |
Melito/Meleto of Sardis |
11 |
170-177/180 |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
W |
X |
X |
X |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
~ Sibyl |
Melito/Meleto of Sardis |
Tatian, Encratite heretic, disciple of Justin |
18+86 |
Died 172 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tatian, Encratite heretic, disciple of Justin |
Gnostic heresies become widespread |
|
c.170 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gnostic heresies become widespread |
Persecution of Marcus Aurelius |
|
177 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Persecution of Marcus Aurelius |
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons) |
6 ½ |
177 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons) |
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis |
½ |
177, 160-180 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis |
Athenagoras |
19 ½ |
177 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Athenagoras |
Theophilus of Antioch |
32 |
168-181/188 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
~ Sibyl |
Theophilus of Antioch |
Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp |
262 |
182-188 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp |
Rhodon |
½ |
180 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rhodon |
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs |
¾ |
180-202 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs |
Maximus of Jerusalem |
5 |
185-196 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Maximus of Jerusalem |
Caius and the Muratorian Canon |
3 |
190-217 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Caius and the Muratorian Canon |
Polycrates of Ephesus (Paschal Synod) |
½ |
196 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Polycrates of Ephesus (Paschal Synod) |
Sabellian heresies |
|
200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sabellian heresies |
Persecution of Septimus Severus |
|
202 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Persecution of Septimus Severus |
Serapion of Antioch |
1/3 |
200-210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Serapion of Antioch |
Minucius Felix |
25 |
210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Minucius Felix |
Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists) |
1 |
c.210 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists) |
Tertullian (Montanist) |
741 |
200-240 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
~ Sibyl |
Tertullian (Montanist |
Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion |
194 |
207/8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion |
Clement of Alexandria |
424 |
193-217/220 |
W |
W |
Q |
- |
Q |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
½ W |
½ W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
~ Sibyl |
Clement of Alexandria |
Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria |
11 ½ |
-224/232 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria |
Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists) |
2 ¾ |
c.232 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists) |
Hippolytus of Portus, disciple of Irenaeus |
225 |
222-235/6 |
A |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
|
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hippolytus of Portus, disciple of Irenaeus |
Maximim persecutes Christians |
|
235 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maximim persecutes Christians |
Commodianus |
16 |
c.240 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Commodianus |
Julius Africanus |
9 |
232-245 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Julius Africanus |
Second Clement |
5 ¾ |
200-250 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Second Clement |
Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil) |
¾ |
233-251 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil) |
Origen (heterodox teacher) |
622 |
225-254 |
W |
A |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Origen |
Severe persecution by Decius - Gallus |
|
250-251 - 253 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus |
Novatian the schismatic |
38 ½ |
250/254-256/7 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Novatian the schismatic |
Valerian continues persecuting Christians |
|
253-260 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Valerian continues persecuting Christians |
Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian |
6 ½ |
c.248-258 |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian |
Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism |
11 |
c.248-258 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism |
Cyprian of Carthage |
270 |
c.246-258 |
W |
- |
W |
W |
W |
A |
W |
W |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Cyprian of Carthage |
Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18) |
¾ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18) |
Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20) |
1 ¼ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20) |
Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21) |
¾ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21) |
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25) |
2 ½ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25) |
Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47) |
1 ¼ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Cornelius to Cyprian (Letters 45,47) |
Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49) |
¼ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49) |
Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74) |
7 ¼ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74) |
Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77) |
¾ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77) |
Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78) |
½ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78) |
Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79) |
¼ |
c.246-256 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79) |
Theognostus of Alexandria |
½ |
260 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theognostus of Alexandria |
Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed writings) |
28 ½ |
240-265 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisput. writings) |
Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist) |
39 ½ |
246-256 |
- |
- |
A |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist) |
Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops) |
7 ¼ |
258 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops) |
Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians) |
1 |
259-269 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians) |
Malchion |
2 ½ |
270 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Malchion |
Aurelian Persecution |
|
270 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aurelian Persecution |
Pierius of Alexandria (fragment) |
½ |
275 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pierius of Alexandria (fragment) |
Archelaus (against Manichaeans) |
56 |
262-278 |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Archelaus (against Manichaeans) |
Diodorus (in Archelaus’ Disput. with Manes) |
2 ¾ |
262-278 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Diodorus (Archelaus’ Disput. with Manes) |
Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician) |
7 ½ |
270-280 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician) |
Theonas of Alexandria |
3 |
282-300 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theonas of Alexandria |
Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans |
12 |
301 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans |
Arnobius Against the Heathen |
126 ½ |
297-303 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Arnobius Against the Heathen |
Victorinus of Petau in Austria |
18 ½ |
martyred 304 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Victorinus of Petau in Austria |
Phileas of Thmuis, Egypt |
2 ½ |
martyred 307 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Phileas of Thmuis, Egypt |
Pamphilus disciple of Pierius |
2 ¾ |
309 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pamphilus disciple of Pierius |
Diocletian persecutes Christians |
|
284, 303-305 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diocletian persecutes Christians |
Peter of Alexandria |
16 ½ |
285-310/1 |
- |
- |
- |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Peter of Alexandria |
Methodius of Olympus and Patara |
86 ½ |
260-312 |
- |
W |
G |
- |
A |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Methodius of Olympus and Patara |
Alexander of Alexandria |
12 |
313-326 |
- |
- |
- |
B |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alexander of Alexandria |
Licinius persecutes Christians in the east |
|
315-323 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Licinius persecutes Christians in the east |
Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s son |
305 ½ |
315-325/330 |
- |
- |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
~ Sibyl |
Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s son |
Poem on the Passion of the Lord |
1 |
315-325/330 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Poem on the Passion of the Lord |
Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops) |
3 1/3 |
314 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops) |
Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others) |
1 1/3 |
c.315 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others) |
Total references so far |
|
Up to 325 |
5-1 |
4-1 |
8-1 |
6-1 |
4-1 |
3-1 |
7-2 |
3-1 |
0-1 |
1-1 |
3-1 |
3½ -1 |
1½ -1 |
0-1 |
0-1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2-1 |
|
Total references so far |
Arian heresy spreads to Alexandria |
|
c.318 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arial heresy spreads to Alexandria |
Constantine Legalizes Christianity |
|
324 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constantine Legalizes Christianity |
Council of Nicea condemns Arianism |
3 |
325 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Nicea condemns Arianism |
Vaticanus manuscript (B) |
|
325-350 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
~W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Vaticanus manuscript (B) |
Athanasius of Alexandria (leader at Nicea) |
|
326-373 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Athanasius of Alexandria (leader at Nicea) |
Eusebius of Caesarea (leader at Nicea) |
|
318-339/340 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eusebius of Caesarea (present at Nicea) |
Arian Roman Emperor Constantius |
|
337-353-361 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arian Roman Emperor Constantius |
Sinaiticus manuscript |
|
340-350 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
|
~W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sinaiticus manuscript |
Cyril of Jerusalem (at Council of Constant.) |
154 |
c.349-386 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyril of Jerusalem (at Council of Constant.) |
Basil of Cappadocia (Origenist) |
326 |
357-378 |
- |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Basil of Cappadocia (Origenist) |
Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constant.) |
276 |
330-391 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constant.) |
Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist) |
495 |
c.356-397 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist) |
Council of Gangra |
1 1/3 |
325-381 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Gangra |
Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis |
3 ½ |
341 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis |
Council of Sardica |
5 |
343/344 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Sardica |
Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours) |
230 |
-367 |
- |
- |
B |
- |
W |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
B |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours) |
Synod of Laodicea |
4 ½ |
343-381 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Synod of Laodicea |
Arian Valens kills Christians in the east |
|
370 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arian Valens kills Christians in the east |
First Council of Constantinople -150 bishops |
3 ¾ |
381 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
First Council of Constantinople -150 bishops |
Ambrose of Milan (against Arianism) |
446 ¼ |
370-390 |
- |
W |
- |
W |
Q |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
W |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Ambrose of Milan (against Arianism) |
Sozomon, historian |
89 |
370/380-425 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sozomon |
Rufinus, translator and historian |
88 |
374-406 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rufinus |
Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) |
~500 |
373-420 |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
- |
Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) |
Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W) |
|
300-450 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W) |
Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies |
|
c.383, 385 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies |
Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose) |
~4500 |
c.385-430 |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
W |
|
W |
W |
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose) |
Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Matrin) |
116 ½ |
363-420 |
- |
W |
- |
- |
- |
W |
W |
A |
- |
- |
- |
A |
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sulpicius/.Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin) |
Council of Carthage (218 bishops) |
39 |
393-419 |
W |
W |
I |
I |
X |
- |
- |
- |
X? |
X? |
X? |
W |
W |
X |
X |
- |
- |
- |
- |
X |
X (nothing else) |
Council of Carthage (218 bishops) |
Council of Constantinople under Nectarius |
1 |
393 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Council of Constantinople under Nectarius |
John Chrysostom |
~3000 |
-407 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
John Chrysostom |
Patrick of Ireland |
|
420-461 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Patrick of Ireland |
John Cassian (father of Semi-Pelagianism) |
~400 |
c.399-430 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
John Cassian (father of Semi-Pelagianism) |
Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History |
178 |
~400-439 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History |
Augustine refutes Pelagian heresy |
|
410-429 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Augustine refutes Pelagian heresy |
Leo I of Rome |
|
422-461 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leo I of Rome |
Theodoret of Cyprus (bishop & historian) |
320 |
423-458 |
- |
- |
B |
Q |
Q |
A |
W |
Q |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Theodoret of Cyprus (bishop & historian) |
Prosper of Aquitaine (Augustinian) |
|
429-465 |
N |
O |
T |
|
D |
O |
N |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|