How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Old Testament? – Sept. 2019 version

It is agreed that early Christians accepted the Old Testament, but it is interesting to compare the documented references of the Old Testament to the New. This chart showed who referred to which Old Testament passages and when. The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha are listed in a separate chart.

Rows: red = persecution of Christians, Green = heresy, Orange = schism, Pale blue = Bible manuscripts, pink = strange teacher, brown = Christians persecuting others

W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer     G = Quoted as God or Lord says or God’s Word        I = Implied (i.e. minor vs. 12)           blank = not researched yet    X = rejected    - no reference found

S = Referred to as scripture, law, or prophet said                      g = Mentions Kings with no allusion or reference        E =not scripture but good to read     Q = quotes 1 or more verses ½  = quote of ½ verse   A = Allusion

Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript

Pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jdg

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1 Ki

2 Ki

1Chr

2Chr

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Pr

Ec

SofS

Isa

Jer

Lam

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Joel

Am

Ob

Jon

Mic

Nah

Hab

Zeph

Hag

Zech

Mal

Writer

Rahlfs 957 manuscript (Dt 25:1-3, Greek)

<1

200-100 B.C.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rahlfs 957(Dt 25:1-3, Greek)

Rahlfs 848 ms. (Dt 31:28-30; 32:1-7, Greek)

<1

100-1 B.C.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rahlfs 848 (Dt 31:28-30; 32:1-7, Greek)

Rahlfs 814 ms. (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Sept.)

<1

150-200 A.D.

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rahlfs 814 (Gen 14:12-15, Greek Septuagint)

Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts

before 68

-

-

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

-

-

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dead Sea Scrolls of Genesis 1Q1, 2Q1, 4Q1, 4Q2, 4Q3, 4Q4, 4Q5, 4Q6, 4Q7, 4Q8a, 4Q8b, 4Q8c, 4Q9, 4Q10, 4Q11, 4Q12, 6Q1, 8Q1

before 68

-

-

Q

Q

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Philo the Alexandrian Jew

many

20 B.C. to 50

-

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

Q

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

Philo the Alexandrian Jew

Nero and Domitian persecute Christians

50 & 95/96

Est 500K Christians. Christians were labeled atheists and killed for refusing to worship the emperor and pagan idols.

Nero and Domitian persecutions

Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)

16 ¼

96-98

-

-

S

G

-

Q

Q

Q

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

G

-

-

Q

-

-

G

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

S

-

-

-

½

Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)

Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John

2

95-110

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Papias of Hierapolis, John’s disciple

“Presbyters” (Papias?)

½

95-117

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

“Presbyters” (Papias?)

Ignatius disciple of John (short version)

13

c.100-117

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

-

-

¼

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ignatius disciple of John (short version)

Trajan persecutes Christians

 

107-117

Answered Pliny the Younger’s letter. Christians are not to be sought after, but only killed if found.

Trajan persecutes Christians

Didache (=Teaching of 12 Apostles)

4 ¾

c.60-120

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Didache (=Teaching of 12 Apostles)

Apology of Aristides (Greek version)

4

125or138-161

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Apology of Aristides (Greek version)

Quadratus of Athens fragment

1/8

126

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Quadratus of Athens fragment

Epistle of Barnabas

12 ½

c.70-130

-

-

G

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

G

G

-

G

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

G

-

Epistle of Barnabas

Hadrian persecutes Christians

 

118 & 134

Hadrian loved Greek culture, and persecuted both Jews and Christians. The Jewish Bar Cochba revolt happened under him.

Hadrian persecutes Christians

Bar Cochba persecutes Christians

 

135

Christians persecuted in Israel because Christians would not join Bar Cochba’s revolt.

Bar Cochba persecutes Christians

2 Clement (anonymous writer)

5 ¾

120-140

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

S

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 Clement (anonymous writer)

Polycarp, John’s disciple, to the Philippians

3 ½

100-155

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Polycarp, John’s disciple, to the Philippians

Epistle to Diognetus (Mathetes to Diognetus)

5 ¼

c.130-200

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

Epistle to Diognetus (Mathetes to Diognetus)

Total Apostolic Fathers to 155 A.D.

67.5

-155

0

2

3

3

1

2

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

2

0

0

4

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

2

Total Apostolic Fathers, to 155 A.D.

Shepherd of Hermas

46 ½

c.115-155

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

Shepherd of Hermas

Justin Martyr, philosopher, apologist

137

c.138-165

I

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

A

Q

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

S

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

Justin of Neocaesarea, apologist

Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp

5

c.169

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp

Marcion of Pontus, pupil of Cerdo/Cerdon. Apelles & Prepon from Marcion

defore170-

Gnostics all believed the Creator, the God of the Old Testament, was evil or foolish. Rejecting the Old Testament, they made their own scriptures, mixing Greek paganism with Christianity.

Marcion of Pontus, pupil of Cerdo/Cerdon. Apelles & Prepon from Marcion

Menander then Satorninos/ Saturnilus (ascetic Gnostics)

c.150-4th

Cerdo & Menander from Simon in Acts. Encratite gnostics came from Saturnilus.

Menander then Satorninos/ Saturnilus (ascetic Gnostics)

Dionysius of Corinth (against Marcion)

1/3

170

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

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-

-

-

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-

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-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

Dionysius of Corinth

Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite

18+86

c.172

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite

Basilides & his pupil Isidorus, changed from Menander's teaching

2.5

132-135-4th

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Basilides & his pupil Isidorus, changed from Menander's teaching

Sethian Gnostics (libertine)

20

?-4th cen.

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sethian Gnostics (libertine)

Hermetic Gnostics (no mention of Christ)

6

?-4th cen.

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

-

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-

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-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hermetic Gnostics

Valentinians including Heracleon, Colorbasus, Marcus, & Ptolemy

23+12

c.150-4th

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Valentinians including Heracleon, Colorbasus, Marcus, & Ptolemy

Other gnostics: Cainites, Carpocrates, Docetics, Peretae, Cerinthus, Dositheus, Monoimus, Hermogenes, Marcillinians, Melchisedecians, Nicolaus, Ophites, Secundus/Epiphanes

37

c.150-4th century

-

-

A

-

-

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-

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-

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-

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-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

Other gnostics: Cainites, Carpocrates, Docetics, Peretae, Cerinthus, Dositheus, Monoimus, Hermogenes, Marcillinians, Melchisedecians, Nicolaus, Ophites, Secundus/Epiphanes

Athenagoras (apologist)

33 ½

177

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

S

-

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W

W

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

Athenagoras (apologist)

Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum

6 ½

177

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

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-

A

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum

Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

 

162/166-180

Aurelius was a Stoic philosopher. Persecution, mainly in Gaul, ended with his death.

Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis

½

160-177/180

-

W

-

-

-

-

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-

Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis

Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodec.)

11

170-177/180

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

X

X

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodec.)

Hegesippus (chronicler)

2 ½

170-180

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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W

W

-

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-

-

-

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-

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-

Hegesippus (chronicler)

Rhodon (against Marcion & Apelles)

½

180

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

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-

-

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-

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Rhodon (against Marcion & Apelles)

Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)

32

168-181/188

-

-

W

G

-

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Q

W

W

-

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W

W

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

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-

W

-

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W

W

Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)

Ebionites (O.T. Mt, observe Law, Father, Son) Clementina, Protoevangelium

265 ½

- 188 -

-

W

Q

W

½

W

W

S

A

-

-

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A

-

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A

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S

A

A

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S

S

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A

A

-

S

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-

Ebionites (O.T. Mt, observe Law, Father, Son)

Irenaeus of Lyons, Polycarp’s disciple

284 ¾

182-188

W

W

W

W

½

W

W

W

S

-

W

Q

Q

A

-

-

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-

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-

W

W

-

A

W

W

¼ 

W

W

W

W

S

S

-

W

Q

-

W

-

-

W

W

Irenaeus of Lyons, Polycarp’s disciple

Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs

¾

180-202

-

-

-

-

-

-

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Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs

Maximus of Jerusalem

5

185-196

-

-

-

-

-

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Maximus of Jerusalem

Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodec.)

½

196

-

-

-

-

-

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Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodec.)

Caius and the Muratorian Canon

3

190-217

W

-

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-

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W

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Caius and the Muratorian Canon

Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus, Callistus)

200-257-

Sabellians believed the Father, Son, & Spirit were one person. This view allows that the Father suffered & died on the cross, hence they were also called Patripassians for “passion of the Father”.

Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus)

Persecution of Septimus Severus

202

Est. 2M Christians. Although a Christian helped him through a severe illness, he did not repeal existing laws against Christians.

Persecution of Septimus Severus

Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas

7

c.201/205

-

-

-

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-

Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas

Romans kill first known martyrs in Britain

209

Alban, Julius, and Aaron were formerly thought killed in 304/5 A.D.

Romans kill 1st known martyrs in Britain

Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion)

1/3

200-210

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion)

Minucius Felix (The Octavius)

25

210

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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Minucius Felix (The Octavius)

Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)

1

c.210

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Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)

Clement of Alexandria

424

193-217/220

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Clement of Alexandria

Tertullian (joined Montanist Church)

736

198-220

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Tertullian (joined Montanist church)

Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion

194

207/208

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Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion

Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria

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Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria

Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)

2 ¾

c.232

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Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)

Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God’s Son)

2 ¼

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Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God’s Son)

Justin's Book of Baruch-Moses, Heracles, Christ

2.5

188-236

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Justin's Book of Baruch-Moses, Heracles, Christ

Naaseni Gnostics & their Gospel of Thomas

3+6

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Naaseni Gnostics & their Gospel of Thomas

Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)

218

222-235/6

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Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)

Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians

235-238

First empire-wide persecution, but only of clergy. Persecution stopped when his soldiers assassinated him.

Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians

Theodotus the probable Montanist

7 ¾

ca.240

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Theodotus the probable Montanist

Instructions of Commodianus

16

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Instructions of Commodianus

Julius Africanus (undisputed writings)

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232-245

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Julius Africanus (undisputed writings)

Heraclas of Alexandria 1st to be called pope

232-240

No Roman bishop called a pope until the Council of Arles I in 314 A.D., Next was 347 A.D.. Siricius c.384-399 was the first Roman bishop to call himself a pope.

Heraclas of Alexandria 1st to be called pope

"Revised Valentinian" Tripartite Tractate

11

200-250

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"Revised Valentinian" Tripartite Tractate

Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)

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Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)

Origen (heterodox teacher)

742

225-254

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Origen (heterodox teacher)

Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus

250-251 - 253

First Christian schism. Were Christians who did sacrifice but repented doomed forever (Novatian’s view), or allowed back into church after a long repentance (Orthodox view).

Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus

Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)

38 ½

250/254-257

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Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)

Treatise Against Novatian

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254-256

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Treatise Against Novatian

Treatise on Rebaptism

11

c.250-258

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Treatise on Rebaptism

Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)

250+¾

c.246-258

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Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)

Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30)

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Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30)

Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)

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Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)

Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)

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250-251

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Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)

Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)

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Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)

Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)

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Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)

Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47)

1 ¼

c.246-256

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Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47)

Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49)

¼

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Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49)

Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74)

7 ¼

256

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Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74)

Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77)

¾

254-257

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Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77)

Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78)

½

254-257

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Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78)

Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79)

¼

254-257

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Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79)

Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)

7 ¼

258

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Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)

Pontius’ The Life and Passion of Cyprian

7 ½

After 258

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Pontius’ The Life and Passion of Cyprian

Valerian persecutes Christians

 

257-260

2nd most severe persecution. Tolerant at first, but then Macrianus influenced him. Stopped when Persian Shapur I captured him.

Valerian persecutes Christians

Theognostus of Alexandria  (Origenist)

½

260

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Theognostus of Alexandria (Origenist)

Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed works)

28 ½

240-265

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Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisput. works)

Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)

39 ½

246-265

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Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)

Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians)

1

259-269

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Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians)

Malchion Against Paul of Samosata

2 ½

270

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Malchion Against Paul of Samosata

Aurelian Persecution

 

270

At first tolerant, Aurelian died soon after he decided to persecute Christians.

Aurelian Persecution

Paul of Samosata, deposed bishop of Antioch

 

260-272

Greedy, Adoptionist Monarchian. i.e. the Logos sentered into Jesus at baptism.

Paul of Samosata, deposed bishop of Antioch

Pierius of Alexandria (fragment)

½

275

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Pierius of Alexandria (fragment)

Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician)

7 ½

270-280

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Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician)

Theonas of Alexandria (Letter to Lucianus)

3

282-300

-

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Theonas of Alexandria (bishop for 18 years)

King Tiridates III of Armenia

 

>287-300

At first persecuted Christians, then became one through Gregory the Illuminator

King Tiridates III of Armenia

Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God

42

c.300

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Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God

Marcionite Megethius disputing Adamantius

c.2

c.300

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Marcionite Megethius disputing Adamantius

Marcionite Marcus disputing Adamantius

c.2

c.300

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Marcionite Marcus disputing Adamantius

Bardasene Marinus disputing Adamantius

c.2

c.300

W

 

W

 

 

 

 

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Bardasene Marinus disputing Adamantius

Valentinian Doserius disputing Adamantius

c.2

c.300

-

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W

 

 

 

 

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Valentinian Doserius disputing Adamantius

Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans

12

301

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Alexander of Lycopolis (ex-Manichaean)

Arnobius Against the Heathen  (undisputed)

126 ½

297-303

-

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Arnobius Against the Heathen  (undisputed)

Victorinus of Petau, Austria (OT commentator)

18 ½

martyred 304

W

W

W

W

W

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

W

-

Victorinus of Petau, Austria (OT commentator)

Most severe persecution by Diocletian

284, 303-305

Est. 5M Christians. Most severe Roman persecution of all. Leveled churches, destroyed scriptures. Killed many Christians for not sacrificing.

Most severe persecution was by Diocletian

Council of Elvira (21 undisputed canons)

c.1

306/307

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Elvira (21 undisputed canons)

Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai, Egyptian Delta

2 ½

beheaded 307

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai, Egyptian Delta

Pamphilus disciple of Pierius (Origenist)

2 ¾

martyred 309

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pamphilus disciple of Pierius (Origenist)

Peter of Alexandria (undisputed)

8 ½

306,285-311

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

S

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Peter of Alexandria (against Origen & Meletius)

Donatus Magnus (Donatists) in North Africa

 

311-411-533

Refused to accept those who had ever surrendered their scriptures to authorities

Donatus Magnus (Donatists) in North Africa

Methodius (against Origen)

79 ½

260-311/12

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

S

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

S

A

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

W

S

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

-

Methodius (against Origen)

Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops)

3 1/3

314

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops)

Council of Arles I, France. All celebrate Easter on the same day. Ex-communicated Donatists. First mention of a pope in Rome.

0.33

Aug. 314

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Council of Arles I, France. All celebrate Easter on the same day. Ex-communicated Donatists. First mention of a pope in Rome.

Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others)

1 1/3

c.315

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others)

Theophilus’ Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon

5 ½

events c.315

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon by Theophilus

Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation

56

318

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

Q

-

S

S

-

-

W

-

½

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation

Licinius tyrannizes Christians east Rom. Empire

315-323

Persecution because of politics, due to Christian support of his foe, Constantine.

Licinius tyrannizes Christians east Rom. Empire

Lactantius, tutor of Constantine ’s son

305.5

c.303-c.325

W

-

½

 

A

-

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

W

A

Q

-

-

Q

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

Lactantius, tutor of Constantine ’s son

Alexander of Alexandria -Origenist, undisputed

11.5

313-326

W

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

Alexander of Alexandria (Origenist, undisputed)

Christian writer totals: all symbols except P’s

4302.25

up to 325

21

19

29

21

13

18

19

12

6

1

12

7

15

10

4

5

1

2-1

3-1

14

25

22

12

9

29

23

4

19

17

9

14

11

10

0

9

14

5

10

5

4

15

13

Christian writer totals: all symbols except P’s

Arian heresy spreads, starting in Alexandria

 

c.318

Arians believed that Jesus was God, but not the same substance as the Father, and there was a time when Jesus was not.

Arial heresy spreads, starting in Alexandria

Constantine makes Christianity the official religion

Fall-Winter 324

Non-violently closed pagan temples so that his subjects would attend churches instead. Except that he executed the priests at Apollos' temple in Dydima in Asia Minor because they had told Diocletian to persecute Christians.

Constantine makes Christianity the official religion

Council of Nicea (about 318 bishops present) condemns Arianism

3

May-June 325

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Nicea condemns Arianism

Juvencus (wrote a commentary: The Gospels)

 

329

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Juvencus (wrote a commentary: The Gospels)

Persian king Shapur II persecutes Christians

315,325-381

Persian Christian double-taxed after Constantine became a Christian. Violent persecution after 325. In Mesopotamia alone 1,150 Christian killed.

Persian king Shapur II persecutes Christians

Persian Shapur II attack Christian Lakhmid Arabs

325

In retaliation for prior raids into Persia, 60,000 soldiers kill everyone in al-Hera.

Persian Shapur II attack Christian Lakhmid Arabs

Eustathius of Antioch (against Origen)

3 ½

323-337

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eustathius of Antioch (against Origen)

Eusebius of Caesarea (leader at Nicea)

c.404

318-339/340

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

Eusebius of Caesarea (present at Nicea)

Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis (97 bishops)

3 ½

341

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis

Mild Arian Creed of Antioch

1

c.341-344

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mild Arian Creed of Antioch

Council of Sardica

5

343/344

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Sardica

Aphrahat/Aphraates the Syrian Select Demonstrations

67 ¼

337-345

-

W

A

A

S

G

W

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

-

A

-

-

W

W

W

W

Q

-

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

S

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

S

Aphrahat/Aphraates the Syrian Select Demonstrations

The Macrostich Creed

2

344/345

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

The Macrostich Creed

Formicus Maternus On the Error of Profane Religions

 

348

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formicus Maternus On the Error of Profane Religions

A Poem on the Passion of the Lord

1

c.350

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A Poem on the Passion of the Lord

Vaticanus manuscript [B] in Greek

325-350

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Vaticanus manuscript (B)

Sinaiticus manuscript [Aleph] in Greek

340-350

-

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Sinaiticus manuscript

Amon

 

4th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amon

Cyrillones, Syriac poet Six Hymns

 

4th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cyrillones, Syriac poet Six Hymns

Faustus of Milevis/Milevum (Manichaean)

 

4th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Faustus of Milevis/Milevum (Manichaean)

Hegemonius Acts of Archelaus

52 ¾

4th century

W

W

W

A

-

W

W

-

-

-

¼

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hegemonius Acts of Archelaus

Philo of Carpasia

 

4th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Philo of Carpasia

1st Council of Sirmium (Greek creed)

1 ½

351

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1st Council of Sirmium (Greek creed)

Julius 1, bishop of Rome

 

352

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Julius 1, bishop of Rome

Ammonas (a founder of monasticism)

 

340-348/53

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ammonas (a founder of monasticism)

Theodore of Heraclea

 

355

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Theodore of Heraclea

Council of Arminium, Nicene/Arian compromise

½

355

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Arminium, Nicene/Arian compromise

Synod of Seleucia in Isauria

1/5

357/358

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synod of Seleucia in Isauria

Eusebius of Emesa

 

c.359

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eusebius of Emesa

Potamius of Lisbon, Portugal

 

c.350-360

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Potamius of Lisbon, Portugal

Jews forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem

325-361

Constantine forbids Jews to be in Jerusalem. Julian later rescinds this law.

Jews forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem

Arian Roman Emperor Constantius

337-353-361

Orthodox bishops were banished, and Athanasius had to go into hiding.

Arian Roman Emperor Constantius

Arian Creed of Nica in Thrace

½

356-361

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Arian Creed of Nica (in Theodoret’s History)

Serapion of Thmuis

 

362

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Serapion of Thmuis

Life of Antony (possibly by Athanasius)

 

356-362

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

S

W

W

-

A

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

Life of Antony (possibly by Athanasius)

Arian Candidus’ Two Letters to Marius

c.4

359-362

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Arian Candidus’ Two Letters to Marius

Marius’s Reply to Candidus

c.8

359-362

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Marius’s Reply to Candidus

Nemesius of Emesa

 

late 4th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nemesius of Emesa

Christians killed in Alexandria and Gaza

361-363

Emperor Julian the Apostate reigns for 18 months and shows some toleration, yet permits pagans to persecute Christians.

Christians killed in Alexandria and Gaza

Arian Acacius of Caesarea (liked Eusebius of Caesarea, against Cyril of Jerusalem)

 

366

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Arian Acacius of Caesarea (liked Eusebius of Caesarea, against Cyril of Jerusalem)

Prohaeresius

 

367

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prohaeresius

Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours)

230

355-367/368

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours)

Theodore of Tabennesi

 

died 368

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Theodore of Tabennesi

Synopsis Scripturae Sacrae

 

350-370

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

E

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Synopsis Scripturae Sacrae

Arian Roman Valens kills Christians in east

370

Valens is finally killed in battle by the Goths, who had converted to Arianism, but never gained his favor

Arian Roman Valens kills Christians in east

Eusebius of Vercelli

 

d.370/371

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eusebius of Vercelli

Athanasius of Alexandria (partial)

424

367, 325-373

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W

W

W

W

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I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Athanasius of Alexandria (partial)

Marcellus of Ancyra (Mt, etc.)

 

c.374

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Marcellus of Ancyra (Mt, etc.)

Optatus of Milevis (converted by Augustine)

 

364-375

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Optatus of Milevis (converted by Augustine)

Athanaric persecutes Orthodox Visigoths

369-376

Athanaric first persecuted all Orthodox Christians and Arians, but after converting to Arianism persecuted only Orthodox Christians.

Athanaric persecutes Orthodox Visigoths

Titus of Bostra

 

before 378

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Titus of Bostra

Ephraim/Ephrem, Syrian hymn-writer (partial)

162

350-378

I

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-

-

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Q

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-

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W

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A

W

Ephraem, Syrian hymn-writer, commentator

Felix II replaces banished Roman bishop Liberius

354-365

Liberius banished by Constantius II for refusing to condemn Athanasius.

Felix II replaces banished Roman bishop Liberius

Fighting: Damasus I vs. Ursinus as Roman bishop

366-378

Emperor sends in troops to stop the fighting. 137 of Ursinus' followers killed.

Fighting: Damasus I vs. Ursinus as Roman bishop

Macedonius, Pneumatomachian bishop of Constantinople

 

342-379

Expelled and tortured Novatianist and Orthodox Christians in Greece and the Balkans. Digs up the corpse of Constantine I.

Macedonius, Pneumatomachian bishop of Constantinople

Macrina, younger sister of Basil/Greg. Nyssa

 

c.327-379

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Macrina, younger sister of Basil/Greg. Nyssa

Basil of Cappadocia (Origenist) (partial)

326

357-378/379

W

W

G

S

W

S

S

W

-

-

S

-

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

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W

½

W

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A

W

W

-

A

S

S

-

W

½

A

A

-

S

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G

Basil of Cappadocia (unafraid of Arian Emperor)

Zeno of Verona (Jn, etc.)

 

362-380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Zeno of Verona (Jn, etc.)

Sapor II persecutes Christians in Persia

380

Heliodorus, Dosa, Ia, and 8K-9K others killed

Sapor II persecutes Christians

Apostolic Constitutions (based on the Didache)

 

c.380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apostolic Constitutions (based on the Didache)

Orsiesius/Orsisius of Tabenna

 

c.380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Orsiesius/Orsisius of Tabenna

Faustinus of Rome, Luciferian, On the Trinity

 

ca.380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Faustinus of Rome, Luciferian, On the Trinity

Filastrius Against All Heresies

 

Ca.380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Filastrius Against All Heresies

Synod of Laodicea (in Phrygia)

4 ½

343-381

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synod of Laodicea (in Phrygia)

Council of Gangra (vs. Eustastius of Sabaste)

1 1/3

345-381

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Gangra (vs. Eustastius of Sabaste)

Meletius of Antioch (taught Diodore)

 

381

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Meletius of Antioch (taught Diodore)

1st Council of Constantinople -150 bishops

3 ¾

381-382

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1st Council of Constantinople -150 bishops

Council of Rome under Damasus I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Council of Rome under Damasus I

Eunomius of Cyzicus -extreme Arian

c.8

c.360-c.383

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Eunomius of Cyzicus -extreme Arian

Bachiarius Libellis de Fide

 

ca.383

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bachiarius Libellis de Fide

Ambrosiaster

 

c.384

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ambrosiaster

Jacob of Nisibis

 

305-385

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jacob of Nisibis

Gregory of Elvira, Spain

 

359-385

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gregory of Elvira, Spain

Macedonian and Priscillian heresies

 

c.383, 385

Macedonian denied H.S. a being. Priscillian denied Jesus God, killed 385 A.D.

Macedonian and Priscillian heresies

Cyril of Jerusalem (cross over Jerusalem)

154

c.349-386

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W

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W

W

W

W

W

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-

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I

W

I

-

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-

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-

W

W

G

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

S

S

W

W

W

W

Cyril of Jerusalem (fed poor from church funds)

Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism)

446 ¼

370-390

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

Q

W

W

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

S

W

Q

W

Q

Q

-

-

-

W

A

Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism)

The Donatist Tyconius

 

After 390

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Donatist Tyconius

Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constantinople)

275

330-391

W

W

A

A

A

A

A

W

W

-

W

A

A

A

-

A

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

A

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constantinople)

Pacian of Barcelona

c.23

342-379/392

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

A

Q

-

Q

A

-

-

-

-

A

-

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pacian of Barcelona

Amphilochius Iambi ad Seleucum

 

-394

 

 

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

 

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Amphilochius Iambi ad Seleucum

Council of Constantinople under Nectarius

1

394

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Council of Constantinople under Nectarius

Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist)

495

c.356-397

W

W

W

W

W

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W

A

A

-

½

A

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

A

W

S

-

A

-

-

Q

-

-

W

-

Gregory of Nyssa (Origenist)

Didymus the Blind (Origenist)

 

398 A.D.

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

-

W

-

Didymus the Blind (Origenist)

Luciferian schism (Lucifer of Cagliari, Sardinia)

 

361-c.399

Orthodox beliefs, except would never accept back repentant Arian/Semi-Arian clergy

Luciferian schism (Lucifer of Cagliari, Sardinia)

Firmicus Maternus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Firmicus Maternus

Syriac Book of Steps (Liber Graduum)

c.189

350-400

W

W

 

 

S

S

S

-

-

-

W

-

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

 

-

-

W

W

S

 

-

-

W

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

W

Syriac Book of Steps (Liber Graduum)

Rufinus, translator in trouble

469

374-406

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

A

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

W

Q

Rufinus, translator in trouble

Rufinus’ Commentary on the Apostles’ Creed

21

374-406

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Rufinus’ Commentary on the Apostles’ Creed

Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies

 

c.383, 385

Macedonians denied person of the Holy Spirit. Priscillian denied divinity of Christ & was executed in 385 A.D.. Christians protested, but Augustine approved. In 392 laws passed against paganism.

Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies

Damasus I of Rome (against Nica Creed)

2

c.386-389

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Damasus I of Rome (in Theodoret’s History)

Council of Constantinople, under Nectarius

1

394

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Constantinople under Nectarius

Manichaean Faustus of Milevis

 

383-400

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manichaean Faustus of Milevis

Epiphanius of Salamis (wrote on 80 heresies)

 

360-403

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Epiphanius of Salamis (ex-Jew)

Gaudentius of Brescia

 

After 406

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gaudentius of Brescia

John Chrysostom (partial)

~3000

-407

W

W

W

W

S

G

W

W

A

-

Q

G

S

Q

-

W

Q

Q

W

W

W

W

W

Q

W

W

-

W

W

 

W

W

W

-

S

W

-

W

-

¼

W

W

John Chrysostom (partial)

Chromatius

 

407

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chromatius

Asterius of Amasea

 

c.410

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asterius of Amasea

Niceta of Remesianus

c.63

366-c.415

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Niceta of Remesianus

Orosius/Hosius of Braga

c.20

414-418

-

-

A

A

A

A

-

-

-

-

A

A

A

-

A

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

W

-

S

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

Orosius/Hosius of Braga

Council of Carthage (218 bishops)

39

393-419

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Council of Carthage (218 bishops)

Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin)

116 ½

363-420

-

W

W

W

W

-

-

A

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin)

Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) (partial)

~500

373-420

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

I

W

W

I

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen) (partial)

Sozomen’s Ecclesiastical History

89

370/380-425

-

W

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

Sozomen’s Ecclesiastical History

Theodore of Mopsuestia (Pelagian heretic)

c.94

392-423/429

W

W

G

Q

G

A

A

-

-

-

W

-

Q

Q

-

A

-

-

-

W/X

W

-

A

W/X

W

W

X

W

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Theodore of Mopsuestia (Pelagian)

Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose)

~4500

388-8/28/430

W

W

W

W

W

¼

W

W

G

-

A

W

A

A

W

A

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose)

Synesius of Ptolemais (Cyrene)

 

397-430

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Synesius of Ptolemais (Cyrene)

John Cassian (Semi-Pelagian)

422 ½

419-430

W

W

W

W

S

S

W

W

W

-

I

I

W

W

-

W

-

-

A

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

S

W

S

W

W

W

W

G

John Cassian (Semi-Pelagian)

Nilus

 

c.430

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nilus

Marcus of Eremita

 

After 430

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Marcus of Eremita

Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200 bish.)

20

Jun-Sep 431

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200b)

Vincent of Lerins

26

c.434

W

W

A

A

-

-

W

-

-

-

G

g

g

g

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Vincent of Lerins

Isidore of Pelusium (2,000 extant letters)

 

c.435

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Isidore of Pelusium (2,000 extant letters)

Acacius of Melitene

 

c.438

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acacius of Melitene

Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History

178

~400-439

W

W

W

A

-

A

 

-

-

-

A

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History

Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, Italy (vol.3 only)

179

c.443-c.450

 

W

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

W

S

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, Italy (vol.3 only)

Cyril of Alexandria

 

444

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cyril of Alexandria

Persians fight Armenians and Georgians

 

449

Armenians and Georgians revolt after Yazdirg II tries to impose Zoroastrianism.

Persians fight Armenians and Georgians

Freer Gospels ms. (Washingtonensis) [W]

 

300-450

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W)

Ephraemi Rescriptus manuscript [C]

 

375 or400-450

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ephraemi Rescriptus [C]

Nestorius’ Bazaar of Heracleides

c.128

451/452

-

-

½

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Nestorius’ Bazaar of Heracleides

Quodvultdeus

 

c.453

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quodvultdeus

Julian of Eclanum

 

c.454

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Julian of Eclanum

Theodoret of Cyrus (bishop & historian)

320

423-458

W

W

G

W

W

G

S

¼

A

-

W

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

Q

W

W

-

S

½

W

-

W

W

-

S

-

-

W

S

Theodoret of Cyrus (bishop & historian)

Many Christians killed in Persia, Armenia

 

420-460

Christian bishop Abdas burned a Zoroastrian temple. Persian Emperor demanded he rebuild it with his own money and he refused. So the Persian Emperor burned down the Christian churches.

Many Christians killed in Persia, Armenia

Patrick of Ireland (English missionary to Irish)

15

420-461

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Patrick of Ireland (English missionary to Irish)

Prosper of Aquitaine (foe of Cassian) –partial

c.12

426-465

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Prosper of Aquitaine (foe of Cassian) - partial

Pope Leo I of Rome (turned back Attila)

204

440-461

W

W

G

W

G

Q

W

-

-

-

A

-

A

-

-

-

A

-

-

W

W

W

A

-

A

A

-

-

-

-

W

W

A

-

-

G

-

S

-

-

-

-

Pope Leo I of Rome (against Monophysites)

Alexandrinus (A) (Mt 25:7-Rev with gaps)

c.450

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Alexandrinus manuscript (A)

Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites

18

451

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites

Oecumenius of Isauria

 

5th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oecumenius of Isauria

Sharahb’il Yakuf kills Ethiopian Christians

 

c.472

Christian missionary Azqir among those killed.

Sharahb’il Yakuf kills Ethiopian Christians

Varimadum

 

445/480

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Varimadum

What has been called the Athanasian Creed

1

447/484

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

What has been called the Athanasian Creed

Vigilius

 

484

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vigilius

Arians persecute Christians in Algeria

 

484

Arian Visigoth Hunneric persecutes Orthodox Christians in Tipasa, Algeria.

Arians persecute Christians in Algeria

Gennadius/Jerome Lives of Illustrious Men

40

480-495

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

-

Gennadius/Jerome Lives of Illustrious Men

Jacob of Serug/Sarug (partial)

9

519-521

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Jacob of Serug/Sarug (partial)

Arians persecute Christians in North Africa

 

499-523

Arian Visigoth King Thrasimund persecutes Orthodox in Carthage and North Africa until his death.

Arians persecute Christians in North Africa

Dhu Nuwas persecutes Christians in Yemen

 

523-524

Jewish Yemeni king Yusuf As’ar Dhu Nuwas persecuted Christians in Yemen and Najran because the Byzantines were persecuting Jews.

Dhu Nuwas persecutes Christians in Yemen

Benedict of Nursia Rule of St. Benedict

 

ca.480-540

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Benedict of Nursia Rule of St. Benedict

Caesarius of Arles

 

469/470-542

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Caesarius of Arles

Council of Constantinople II (c.153 present) condemns Nestorius, Origen & admirers

13

553

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

Council of Constantinople II (c.153 present) condemns Nestorius, Origen & admirers

M. Aurelius Cassiodorus

 

-560

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M. Aurelius Cassiodorus

Gildas

 

c.570

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gildas

Byzantines persecute Egyptian Copts

 

527-568, 572

Copts are Monophysites. Monophysites taught Jesus’ humanity and divinity are combined in one nature like a teaspoon of tea in the ocean.

Byzantines persecute Egyptian Copts

Evagrius Scholasticus, church historian

 

593

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Evagrius Scholasticus, church historian

Gregory of Rome, Doctor of the Church (partial)

239 ½

590-605 A.D.

W

W

G

W

W

W

W

Q

-

Q

G

Q

Q

Q

-

Q

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

Q

W

W

S

W

A

 

S

W

S

-

-

-

-

Q

W

Q

S

W

Gregory of Rome, Doctor of the Church (partial)

Venantius’ Poem on Easter

1 ½

Lived 530-609

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Venantius’ Poem on Easter

John of Damascus

100½

706-749

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

 

Judaism

 

c.400 B.C.-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Judaism

Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches

-

c.1000-1526

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches

Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer

 

1454-1531

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer

Martin Luther (founder of Lutheranism)

 

1483-1546

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Martin Luther (founder of Lutheranism)

Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) Salt Lake

 

1830-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) Salt Lake

Jehovah’s Witnesses (Watchtower)

 

 

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Jehovah’s Witnesses (Watchtower)

Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian

 

19th century

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian

Rev. Moon’s Divine Principle (Unification Church)

 

 

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Rev. Moon’s Divine Principle (Unification Church)

Hussites, Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic churches

-

c.1000-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic

Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript

pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jdg

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1Ki

2Ki

1Chr

2Chr

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Pr

Ec

SofS

Isa

Jer

Lam

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Joel

Am

Ob

Jon

Mic

Nah

Hab

Zeph

Hag

Zech

Mal

Writer

www.Biblequery.org/Bible/BibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGrid.html. References at www.Biblequery.org/Bible/bibleCanon/EarlyChristianOTGridReferences.html


 

Note that the Ebionites undoubtedly accepted all of the Old Testament, but the chart above only reflects the references to Old Testament books in the writings we have.

 

So how accurate does the previous chart reflect what each writer believed was scripture? We can do two validation tests.

 

First, we can compare one of Tertullian’s works, Five Books Against Marcion (194 pages) with the rest of his preserved works (741) pages.  Counting an allusion as 15%, a quote as 25%, a reference to the apostles, etc. as 50% and a reference to Christ, God, Savior 75%, Five Books Against Marcion only picked up 6 books, verses 21.9 books in the rest of Tertullian.

 

Second, we can compare Rufinus’ 469 pages, with a 21-page commentary where he spells out clearly what He believes Scripture is (identical to the Protestant and Jews Old Testament today with apocryphal books being merely “ecclesiastical”). The 469 pages only picked up 19.55 books out of 39 we know for certain that he accepted. Curiously, his list did not include Lamentations, though he quoted from “the Lamentations of Jeremiah”. So in his list he apparently included Lamentations with Jeremiah.

 

The second example shows that we will be more accurate to count any allusion or higher as showing they accepted the book as scripture. If we recomputed the numbers, we get:

 

Work

original method

Ratio

new method

Ratio

Tertullian’s Five Books against Marcion

6

 

6

 

Rest of Tertullian

21.9

27%

25

24%

Rufinus’ Works

19.55

 

22

 

Rufinus Listing for us the Old Test. Canon

39

50%

39

56%

 

So while the preceding chart is accurately for showing some of what they accepted as scripture, it underestimates all the Old Testament books they accepted as scripture.

 

by Steven M. Morrison, PhD.