The Canon and How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Old Testament?

(October 2006 version)

 

It is agreed that early Christians accepted the Old Testament, but it is interesting to compare the documented references of the Old Testament to the New. This chart showed who referred to which Old Testament passages and when. The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha are listed in a separate chart. The red rows are persecutions of Christians during this time, and green rows are heresies and controversies. Here is the legend.

W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer       G = Quoted as God says or God’s Word                     g = Mentions Kings with no allusion or reference

B = Mentioned as scripture or by prophet(s).                Q = Quote of 1 or more verses.                                   ½  = quote of ½ a verse

A = Allusion.                                                                     - = no reference                                                         blank = not researched yet

Writer

Pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jdg

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1Ki

2Ki

1Chr

2Chr

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Pr

Ec

SofS

Isa

Jer

Lam

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Joel

Am

Ob

Jon

Mic

Nah

Hab

Zeph

Hag

Zech

Mal

Writer

Nero and Domitian persecute Christians

 

50 and 95/96

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Domitian persecutes Christians

Clement of Rome

16 ¼

97/98

-

-

B

G

-

Q

Q

Q

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

B

W

G

-

-

Q

-

-

G

A

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

B

-

-

-

½

Clement of Rome

Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)

13

c.100-117

-

-

-

-

-

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)

Trajan persecutes Christians

 

107

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trajan persecutes Christians

Didache (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)

4 ¾

Before 125

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Didache (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)

Apology of Aristides (Greek version)

c.17

125 or138-161

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Apology of Aristides (Greek version)

Quadratus of Athens fragment

1/8

126

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Quadratus of Athens fragment

Letter to Diognetus

5 ¼

c.130

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

Letter to Diognetus

Hadrian persecutes Christians

 

118 & 134

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hadrian persecutes Christians

Letter of Barnabas

12 ½

100-150

-

-

G

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

G

G

-

G

B

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B

B

G

-

Letter of Barnabas

Polycarp to the Philippians

3 ½

100-155

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Polycarp to the Philippians

Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John

2

130-150

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John

“Presbyters” (Papias?)

½

-150

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

“Presbyters” (Papias?)

Shepherd of Hermas

46 ½

160

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

Shepherd of Hermas

Justin Martyr

137

138-165

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

A

Q

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

B

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

Justin Martyr

Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp

5

c.169

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp

Hegesippus

2 ½

170

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hegesippus

Dionysius of Corinth

1/3

170

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Dionysius of Corinth

Melito/Meleto of Sardis

11

170-177/180

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

X

X

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

Melito/Meleto of Sardis

Tatian, Encratite heretic, disciple of Justin

18+86

Died 172

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tatian, Encratite heretic, disciple of Justin

Gnostic heresies become widespread

 

c.170

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gnostic heresies become widespread

Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

 

177

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)

6 ½

177

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)

Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis

½

177, 160-180

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis

Athenagoras

19 ½

177

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Athenagoras

Theophilus of Antioch

32

168-181/188

-

-

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

W

Theophilus of Antioch

Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp

262

182-188

W

-

W

W

½

W

W

W

A

-

Q

Q

Q

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

W

A

W

W

-

W

B

B

-

W

Q

-

W

-

-

W

W

Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp

Rhodon

½

180

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rhodon

Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs

¾

180-202

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs

Maximus of Jerusalem

5

185-196

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Maximus of Jerusalem

Caius and the Muratorian Canon

3

190-217

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Caius and the Muratorian Canon

Polycrates of Ephesus (Paschal Synod)

½

196

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Polycrates of Ephesus (Paschal Synod)

Sabellian heresies

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sabellian heresies

Persecution of Septimus Severus

 

202

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Persecution of Septimus Severus

Serapion of Antioch

1/3

200-210

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Serapion of Antioch

Minucius Felix

25

210

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Minucius Felix

Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)

1

c.210

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)

Tertullian (Montanist)

741

200-240

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

A

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

A

W

W

Tertullian (Montanist

Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion

194

207/8

W

W

W

G

G

G

W

A

-

-

W

A

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

A

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

W

Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion

Clement of Alexandria

424

193-217/220

-

-

W

Q

W

B

W

W

W

-

W

Q

W

Q

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

Q

W

W

B

W

W

Clement of Alexandria

Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria

11 ½

-224/232

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria

Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)

2 ¾

c.232

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)

Hippolytus, disciple of Irenaeus

225

222-235/6

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

Q

-

-

W

-

Q

A

A

W

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

-

Q

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

½

W

Hippolytus, disciple of Irenaeus

Maximim persecutes Christians

 

235

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maximim persecutes Christians

Commodianus

16

c.240

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Commodianus

Julius Africanus

9

232-245

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Julius Africanus

Second Clement

5 ¾

200-250

-

-

B

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

B

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Second Clement

Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)

¾

233-251

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)

Origen (heterodox teacher)

622

225-254

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

B

W

-

B

Q

W

W

W

-

A

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

-

-

B

-

W

W

W

W

W

Origen

Severe persecution by Decius - Gallus

 

250-251 - 253

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus

Novatian the schismatic

38 ½

250/254-256/7

W

-

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

-

-

A

-

-

W

W

½

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

-

Novatian the schismatic

Valerian continues persecuting Christians

 

253-260

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Valerian continues persecuting Christians

Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian

6 ½

c.248-258

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

Q

-

-

-

Q

-

-

B

-

W

-

Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian

Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism

11

c.248-258

W

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

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Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism

Cyprian of Carthage

270

c.246-258

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Cyprian of Carthage

Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)

¾

c.246-256

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Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)

Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)

1 ¼

c.246-256

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Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)

Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)

¾

c.246-256

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Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)

Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)

2 ½

c.246-256

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Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)

Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47)

1 ¼

c.246-256

-

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-

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Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47)

Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49)

¼

c.246-256

-

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Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (ltr 49)

Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74)

7 ¼

c.246-256

-

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Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (74)

Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77)

¾

c.246-256

-

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-

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-

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Nemesianus, et al. to Cyprian (77)

Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78)

½

c.246-256

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

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-

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-

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Lucius and the brethren to Cyprian (78)

Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79)

¼

c.246-256

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

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Felix & the rest of the martyrs to Cyprian (79)

Theognostus of Alexandria

½

260

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

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Theognostus of Alexandria

Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed writings)

28 ½

240-265

-

-

B

-

-

-

W

A

-

-

B

-

-

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A

-

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-

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-

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-

-

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Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisput. writings)

Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)

39 ½

246-256

-

-

Q

A

-

-

Q

-

-

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A

-

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-

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B

W

Q

Q

-

W

-

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A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)

Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)

7 ¼

258

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)

Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians)

1

259-269

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

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B

-

-

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-

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-

-

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-

-

Dionysius of Rome (Against the Sabellians)

Malchion

2 ½

270

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

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-

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Malchion

Aurelian Persecution

 

270

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aurelian Persecution

Pierius of Alexandria (fragment)

½

275

-

-

 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

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W

-

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-

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-

-

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-

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-

Pierius of Alexandria (fragment)

Archelaus (against Manichaeans)

56

262-278

W

W

W

A

-

W

Q

-

-

-

¼

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Archelaus (against Manichaeans)

Diodorus (in Archelaus’ Disput. with Manes)

2 ¾

262-278

W

W

-

A

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

-

-

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-

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-

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Diodorus (Archelaus’ Disput. with Manes)

Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician)

7 ½

270-280

W

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Anatolius of Alexandria (mathematician)

Theonas of Alexandria

3

282-300

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Theonas of Alexandria

Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans

12

301

W

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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-

-

-

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-

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-

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-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Alexander of Lycopolis Of the Manichaeans

Arnobius Against the Heathen

126 ½

297-303

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Arnobius Against the Heathen

Victorinus of Petau in Austria

18 ½

martyred 304

W

W

W

W

W

A

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

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W

W

-

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W

-

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-

B

-

-

-

-

W

-

Victorinus of Petau in Austria

Phileas of Thmuis, Egypt

2 ½

martyred 307

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Phileas of Thmuis, Egypt

Pamphilus disciple of Pierius

2 ¾

309

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pamphilus disciple of Pierius

Diocletian persecutes Christians

 

284, 303-305

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diocletian persecutes Christians

Peter of Alexandria

16 ½

285-310/1

-

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

B

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Peter of Alexandria

Methodius of Olympus and Patara

86 ½

260-312

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

A

B

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

B

A

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

B

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

A

Methodius of Olympus and Patara

Alexander of Alexandria

12

313-326

-

-

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

G

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B

Alexander of Alexandria

Licinius persecutes Christians in the east

 

315-323

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Licinius persecutes Christians in the east

Lactantius, tutor of Constantine ’s son

305 ½

315-325/330

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

 

W

W

A

Q

-

-

Q

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

A

W

-

W

-

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s son

Poem on the Passion of the Lord

1

315-325/330

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Poem on the Passion of the Lord

Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops)

3 1/3

314

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Ancyra (about 12 bishops)

Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others)

1 1/3

c.315

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and others)

Total references up to 325 A.D.

 

Up to 325

17

10

27

21

12

18

21

12

8

1

13

10

15

9

4

4

1

2-1

3-1

13

23

22

11

9

25

19

6

19

16

4

12

11

10

0

7

13

4

10

5

5

16

14

Total references up to 325 A.D.

Arian heresy spreads to Alexandria

 

c.318

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arial heresy spreads to Alexandria

Constantine Legalizes Christianity

 

324

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Constantine Legalizes Christianity

Council of Nicea condemns Arianism

3

325

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Nicea condemns Arianism

Vaticanus manuscript (B)

 

325-350

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Vaticanus manuscript (B)

Athanasius of Alexandria (leader at Nicea)

 

326-373

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Athanasius of Alexandria (leader at Nicea)

Eusebius of Caesarea (leader at Nicea)

 

318-339/340

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

Eusebius of Caesarea (present at Nicea)

Arian Roman Emperor Constantius

 

337-353-361

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arian Roman Emperor Constantius

Sinaiticus manuscript

 

340-350

-

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Sinaiticus manuscript

Cyril of Jerusalem (at Council of Constant.)

154

c.349-386

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cyril of Jerusalem (at Council of Constant.)

Basil of Cappadocia

326

357-378

W

W

G

B

W

B

B

W

-

-

B

-

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

½

W

W

A

W

W

-

A

B

B

-

W

½

A

A

-

B

W

G

Basil of Cappadocia

Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constant.)

276

330-391

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gregory of Nazianzen (leader at Constant.)

Gregory of Nyssa

495

c.356-397

W

W

W

W

W

G

W

A

A

-

½

A

A

A

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

W

W

A

W

W

W

W

W

-

A

W

B

-

A

-

-

Q

-

-

W

-

Gregory of Nyssa

Council of Gangra

1 1/3

325-381

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Gangra

Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis

3 ½

341

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis

Council of Sardica

5

343/344

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Council of Sardica

Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours)

230

-367

W

W

W

W

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

G

Hilary of Poitiers (taught Martin of Tours)

Synod of Laodicea

4 ½

343-381

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synod of Laodicea

Arian Valens kills Christians in east

 

370 A.D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arian Valens kills Christians in east

First Council of Constantinople -150 bishops

3 ¾

381

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

First Council of Constantinople -150 bishops

Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism)

446 ¼

370-390

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Q

Q

W

W

-

-

W

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

B

W

Q

W

Q

Q

-

-

-

W

A

Ambrose of Milan (Against Arianism)

Sozomon’s Ecclesiastical History

89

370/380-425

 

 

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

Sozomon’s Ecclesiastical History

Rufinus, translator and historian

88

374-406

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rufinus

Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen)

~500

373-420

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jerome (pupil of Gregory Nazianzen)

Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W)

 

300-450

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Freer Gospels (Washingtonensis) (W)

Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies

 

c.383, 385

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Macedonian and Priscillian Heresies

Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose)

~4500

c.385-430

W

W

W

W

W

¼

W

W

G

-

A

W

A

A

W

A

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Augustine of Hippo (pupil of Ambrose)

Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin)

116 ½

363-420

-

W

W

W

W

-

-

A

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

-

W

W

W

-

W

-

-

-

W

W

-

W

W

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (pupil of Martin)

Council of Carthage (218 bishops)

39

393-419

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

-

W

W

W

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Council of Carthage (218 bishops)

Council of Constantinople under Nectarius

1

394

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Constantinople under Nectarius

John Chrysostom (rebuked royal family)

~3000

-407

W

W

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

W

 

W

 

 

W

W

 

W

W

 

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

John Chrysostom (rebuked royal family)

Patrick of Ireland

 

420-461

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Patrick of Ireland

John Cassian (father of Semi-Pelagianism)

~400

c.399-430

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

W

W

W

W

W

 

W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Cassian (father of Semi-Pelagianism)

Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History

178

~400-439

W

W

W

A

-

A

 

-

-

-

A

-

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

-

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B

Socrates’ Ecclesiastical History

Augustine refutes Pelagian Heresy

 

410-429

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Augustine refutes Pelagian heresy

Leo I of Rome

 

422-461

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leo I of Rome

Theodoret of Cyprus (bishop & historian)

320

423-458

W

W

G

W

W

G

B

¼

A

-

W

-

½

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

B

-

W

W

W

Q

W

W

-

B

½

W

-

W

W

-

B

-

-

W

B

Theodoret of Cyprus (bishop & historian)

Prosper of Aquitaine (Augustinian)

 

429-465

N

O

T

 

D

O

N

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prosper of Aquitaine (Augustinian)

Ephraemi Rescriptus [C]

 

375 or400-450

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

W

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ephraemi Rescriptus [C]

Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200b)

20

431

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Ephesus vs. Nestorians (200b)

Vincent of Lerins

26

c.434

W

W

A

A

-

-

W

-

-

-

g

g

g

g

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

W

Q

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Vincent of Lerins

Alexandrinus manuscript (A)

 

c.450

-

-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Alexandrinus manuscript (A)

Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites

18

451

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

W

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Chalcedon vs. Monophysites

Council of Constantinople II condemns Nestorius & Origen & their admirers

13

553

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Council of Constantinople II condemns Nestorius & Origen & their admirers

Judaism

 

c.400 B.C.-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Judaism

Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches

-

c.1000-1526

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Waldenses, Scholastics, Mystics, Wycliffe, Medieval Catholic and Orthodox churches

Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer

 

1454-1531

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Reformer

Martin Luther

 

1483-1546

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Martin Luther

Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian

 

19th century

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½ 

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

½

Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian

Hussites, Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic churches

-

c.1000-

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

Conservative Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, Coptic

Writer

Pages

Date A.D.

OT

Law

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nm

Dt

Josh

Jdg

Ru

1Sam

2Sam

1Ki

2Ki

1Chr

2Chr

Ezr

Neh

Esth

Job

Ps

Pr

Ec

SofS

Isa

Jer

Lam

Eze

Dan

12

Hos

Joel

Am

Ob

Jon

Mic

Nah

Hab

Zeh

Hag

Zech

Mal

Writer

 

 

 

Since there has been interest in the books of the Bible due to the book and movie, The Da Vinci Code, it might in of interest to know what books early church fathers referred to.

 

“Let no day pass by without reading some portion of the Sacred Scriptures, at such convenient hour as offers, and giving some space to meditation. And never cast off the habit of reading in the Holy Scriptures; for nothing feeds the soul and enriches the mind so well as those sacred studies do.” Letter of Theonas (c.300 A.D.), Bishop of Alexandria, to Lucianus, the Chief Chamberlain ch.9 p.161

 

The following is evidence of how many books early writers referenced.

 

The Apology of Aristides p.275 “Moses their Lawgiver”

 

The Synod of Laodicea 343-181 A.D. canon 59 p.158 mentions the Old and New Testaments

 

Gregory of Nyssa Old Testament Against Eunomius book 11 ch.5 p.238

 

Commodianus “In the law, the Lord of heaven and mentions the people before Moses without the law in The Instructions of Commodianus ch.2 p.203

Commodianus alludes to Proverbs 23:11 and 15:1 in The Instructions of Commodianus ch.72 p.217

 

 

Archelaus Old Testament. Disputation with Manes ch.42 p.217

 

Gregory Thaumaturgus quotes part of 1 Samuel 18:1 as Scritpure. Oration and Panegyric Addressed to Origen ch.6 p.28

Gregory Thaumaturgus quotes Deuteronomy 22:26,27 as in Deuteronomy. Canonical Epistle Canon 1 p.18.

Gregory Thaumaturgus alludes to Joshua 7 in Canonical Epistle Canon 3 p.19.

Gregory Thaumaturgus alludes to Joshua 7 in Canonical Epistle Canon 3 p.19.

 

Dionysius of Alexandria quotes part of Genesis 1:13 in From the Books on Nature fragment 2 p.85

Dionysius of Alexandria alludes to Exodus 12:30 in Epistle 12 to the Alexandrians p.108.

Quotes Dt 19:14 in Epistle 7 to Philemon, a Presbyter p.102

Dionysius of Alexandria alludes to 1 Kings 4:32 in Exegetical Fragment 1 p.111

Dionysius of Alexandria quotes part of Job 14:1 as scripture. From the Books on Nature fragment 3 p.86.

Dionysius of Alexandrian quotes Psalm 31:5 as by David in Exegetical Fragment 2 p.112

Ps 104:23 From the Books on Nature fragment 3 p.87

Prov 8:30 quote Epistle to Dionysius Bishop of Rome Book 1 fragment 4

Dionysius of Alexandria quotes half of Proverbs10:7 in Exegetical Fragment 2 p.113

Ecc.16:26,27 From the Books on Nature fragment 3 p.87

Dionysius of Alexandria says that Isaiah 66:3,4 and Isaiah 43:9 are by Isaiah in Epistle 11 to Hermammon p.107.

 

Augustine mentions the Old Testament in The City of God book 17 ch.5 p.345 and book 17 ch.7 p.347. Also Commentary on Psalms 405,521, 531, 681

Augustine mentions the Law in The City of God book 20 ch.28 p.447 and Reply to Faustus the Manichaean book 22 ch.6 p.274

Augustine an entire commentary on Genesis and a commentary on Exodus.

Augustine alludes to Leviticus 23 as by Moses Reply to Faustus the Manichaean book 32 ch.3 p.333

Augustine alludes to Numbers 9:10-12 as “Moses, indeed, is accused by the voice of God” Reply to Faustus the Manichaean book 16 ch.16 p.225

Augustine quotes ¼ of Numbers 21:7 as scripture in Enchiridion  ch.33 vol.3 p.252

Augustine refers to Deuteronomy 21:23 as written by Moses in Reply to Faustus the Manichaean book 14 ch.1 p.207.

Augustine says “The Lord says, “and refers to Judges 6:1 in :Letter 46 ch.18 p.291

Augustine refers to Judges 3:30 as scripture in The City of God book 17 ch.14 p.352

Augustine mentions Joshua in The City of God book 18 ch.12 p.366

Augustine quotes 2 Samuel 7:14,15 as from the Book of Samuel in The City of God book 17 ch.9 p.349

Augustine mentions Esther in Esther 14:16 in On the Psalms. Psalm 52 p.197

Augustine refers to 2 Samuel as scripture in Commentary on Psalms p.412

Augustine says 1 Chronicles 12:17,18 is from Chronicles in Letter 75 ch.1 p.334

Augustine alludes to 2 Chronicles in Letter 75 p.333

Augustine refers to Job 34:30 as “written in the book of Job”. Nature of Good, Against the Manichaeans ch.32 vol.4 p.358

Augustine wrote a whole Commentary on Psalms.

Augustine refers to Proverbs as Scripture in Commentary on Psalms p.412

Augustine quotes Proverbs 1:11-15 as Proverbs in The City of God book 17 ch.20 p.357

Augustine mentions Ecclesiastes in The City of God book 17 ch.5 p.345 and book 17 ch.20 p.358

Augustine quotes form Song of Songs as in Song of Songs in The City of God book 17 ch.20 p.358

Augustine mentions Isaiah in Commentary on Psalms, Psalm 150 p.681 and Psalm 147 p.480

Augustine quotes Lamentations 4:20 as by Jeremiah in The City of God book 18 ch.33 p.379

Augustine mentions Isaiah and the twelve prophets in The City of God book 17 ch.29 p.376

Augustine mentions Hosea in The City of God book 17 ch.28 p.375

Augustine mentions Micah in The City of God book 17 ch.30 p.376

Augustine mentions Amos, Micah, Hosea, Joel in The City of God book 18 ch.27 p.375

Augustine mentions the prophet Jonah in The City of God book 18 ch.44 p.387

Augustine mentions Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk in The City of God book 17 ch.31 p.377

Augustine mentions Jeremiah in The City of God book 17 ch.33 p.379, and Zephaniah and Jeremiah in The City of God book 18 ch.34 p.380

Augustine mentions Daniel and Ezekiel in The City of God book 17 ch.34 p.380

Augustine mentions Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi in The City of God book 17 ch.35 p.380

Augustine mentions Haggai and Zechariah in Commentary on Psalms, Psalm 148 p.676.

Augustine mentions Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi in The City of God book 18 ch.36 p.382

 

From the Books on Nature fragment 2 p.86 quotes from the Alexandrian exemplar of the Septuagint for Psalm 139:16.

 

 

Sulpicius/Sulpitius Severus (Historian)

363-420 A.D. 116 ½ pages

 

Prophets Life of St. Martin ch.9 p.5

Law History book 2 ch.19 p.107

Genesis History book 1 chl19 p.80

Sulpicius summarizes the entire book of Genesis in his History book 1 starting with chapter 2 p.71

Exodus 20:14 as Exodus in History book 1 ch.13 p.77

Leviticus as Leviticus in History book 1 ch.20 p.80

Joshua allusion in History book 1 ch.22-23 p.81-82

Judges as Judges in History book 1 ch.24 p.85

1 Samuel and Kings in History book 1 ch.24 p.86

2 Samuel as Kings in History book 1 ch.46 p.93

1 Kings as the Third Book of Kings in History book 1 ch.40 p.90

1 Chronicles as Chronicles in History book 1 ch.7 p.73 and History book 1 ch.46 p.93

Ezra as Ezra in History book 2 ch.10 p.101-102

Nehemiah as Nehemiah in History book 2 ch.11 p.102

Esther as Esther in History book 2 ch.12-13 p.102-103

Psalms 8:3 as Psalms in the Life of St. Martin ch.9 p.8

Isaiah as Isaiah in History book 1 ch.47 p.93 and History book 1 ch.50 p.95

Jeremiah as Jeremiah in History book 1 ch.54 p.96

Ezekiel as Ezekiel in History book 2 ch.3 p.98

Daniel as Daniel in History book 2 ch.1-2 p.97

Jonah as Jonah in History book 1 ch.48  p.94